Contrary to what many people think, eating disorders are not just about food. Psychological, behavioral, and social issues may contribute to an eating disorder. Often times, when a person feels like they have no control over any other aspect of their life, they turn to something they CAN control: what they put into their bodies and how much they weigh.
One type of eating disorder is Anorexia Nervosa, which is a mental disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight. Individuals who have anorexia nervosa may avoid certain food groups and may exercise excessively to lose weight or keep from gaining weight. They usually have a distorted body image as well.
There are different types of Anorexia Nervosa: some people just restrict food and exercise excessively, some eat and throw up afterwards (purge), and some misuse laxatives and diuretics in order to lose weight. Whatever the type of anorexia, there are some serious health issues that may ensue if a person is anorexic for long enough.
Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa include:
- Resistance to maintaining a body weight for height at or above normal for age (i.e., inability to maintain an appropriate BMI)
- Intense fear of gaining weight or thinking they are fat even when they are underweight
- A distorted body image (thinks he/she looks fat even when they are thin)
- If at menstruating age, does not have 3 or more menstrual cycles in a row.
Common signs to determine if someone you know has Anorexia Nervosa:
- Loss of a lot of weight
- Fear of fat, foods containing fat, and fat on their bodies
- Fear of food; food rituals (moving food around on their plate, excessive chewing, eating very slowly)
- Excessive exercise and the need to burn off calories “no matter what”
- Withdrawal from friends and usual activities
- Taking diet pills and/or laxatives
- Throwing up food after eating a meal (or at least going to the bathroom immediately after a meal)
- Calorie counting and excessive weight measurement
Health consequences of Anorexia Nervosa?
They include, but are not limited, to:
- Cardiovascular problems (slow heart rate, low blood pressure, and eventually heart failure and death)
- Neurological problems (thinking and memory problems, moodiness, irritability, fainting)
- Bone problems (osteopenia and osteoporosis, bone fractures, swollen joints)
- Kidney problems (kidney stones, kidney failure)
- Skin and hair problems (hair loss, dry skin, fine hair growth on all parts of the body, brittle nails, yellow skin (more so than normal), cold intolerance)
- Muscle problems (weak muscles, lack of muscle tone)
- Endocrine problems (lack of menstrual cycle, higher risk of post-partum depression, higher risk of miscarriage when trying to get pregnant, low-birth-weight infant)
- Gastrointestinal problems (constipation, dehydration)
Sounds horrible, doesn’t it? Unfortunately, many people who develop an eating disorder do not realize the consequence of their actions, and as Anorexia Nervosa is a mental disorder, it take more than just getting them to gain weight to feel better about themselves.
A lot of the cause of an eating disorder is because of some traumatic event (for example, rape, violence, abuse), society’s distortion of a healthy body weight, family history of an eating disorder, need for perfection (unrealistic expectations may play a role), feelings of depression or inadequacy, and difficulty expressing emotions and feelings. It’s a complex disorder, and it takes more than one professional to help a person overcome this disorder.
What can you do if you suspect that you, or someone you know, has Anorexia Nervosa? The National Eating Disorders Association is a great resource to help guide you through a conversation if you suspect that someone you know has Anorexia Nervosa. Basically, it is important to talk with them about it in private, but you should not place blame or tell them to “just eat more”. As well, you should tell them that you care about them and want to help and you will not abandon them.
Getting Treatment
As Anorexia Nervosa is a complex disorder, treatment is somewhat complex. The person with Anorexia Nervosa should first see a psychologist, who will help them figure out the core reason they have developed an eating disorder. Their physician should also be involved, to make sure that their bodies are working properly and they have not developed any of the health problems mentioned above (and if they have, to help them find ways to treat those medical problems). As well, a registered dietitian should be involved to help the person feel good about food again and regain weight towards a healthy body weight (i.e., normal BMI).
Sometimes, a person may need to be hospitalized because of their medical problems (their heart may be too weak for example). As well, sometimes a person may need in-patient or out-patient psychotherapy with a group of individuals who are also seeking treatment. Most of the time, family is involved in these sessions. And remember, if you are a parent and your child has an eating disorder, and you are trying to seek help for them, they may hate you, but I’m sure it will only be temporary–what’s important is that you help your child, sibling, friend or other relative!
More Information
The National Women’s Health Information Center, part of the US Dept of Health and Human Services.
The National Eating Disorders Association Anorexia Nervosa page (see other links within their site for more information on treatment, etc).
National Institute of Mental Health, a division of the National Institutes of Health.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Website (a division of the US Dept of Health and Human Services).